Ngā Kaihokohoko Mōkihi Whatunga Mylinking™ e tautokona ana e te Taurite Utaina Hihiri o te Waka Whatunga:Ko te pūnaha Hash taurite kawenga me te pūnaha tiritiri taumaha e hangai ana ki te wātū e ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te paparanga L2-L7 hei whakarite kia pai te haere o te tauranga putanga o te taurite kawenga. Ā,
Ngā Kaihokohoko Mōkihi Whatunga Mylinking™ e tautokona ana te Kimi Waka Wā-tūturu:I tautokona ngā pūtake o "Te Hopu Tauranga Tinana (Te Kohikohi Raraunga)", "Te Āpure Whakaahuatanga Āhuatanga Mōkihi (L2 – L7)", me ētahi atu mōhiohio hei tautuhi i te tātari waka ngāwari, mō te hopu raraunga whatunga wā-tūturu o ngā waka raraunga o ngā tūranga rerekē e kitea ana, ā, ka rongoatia ngā raraunga wā-tūturu i muri i te hopunga me te kitenga i roto i te taputapu hei tango i ngā mahi tātaritanga tohunga, hei whakamahi rānei i ōna āhuatanga tātaritanga o tēnei taputapu mō te tātaritanga tirohanga hōhonu.
Me mōhio pea koe he aha te OSI Model 7 Layers?
I mua i te ruku hohonu ki te tauira OSI, me mārama tātou ki ētahi kupu matua mō te whatunga hei whakahaere i te matapakinga e whai ake nei.
Ngā Pūnga
Ko te pūnga he taputapu hiko tūturu e hono ana ki tētahi whatunga, pērā i te rorohiko, te pūreretā, te pouara, me ētahi atu. Ka taea te hono i ngā pūnga tetahi ki tetahi hei hanga whatunga.
Hononga
Ko te hononga he hononga ā-tinana, ā-arorau rānei e hono ana i ngā pona i roto i tētahi whatunga, ka taea te whakamahi waea (pēnei i a Ethernet) te ahokore rānei (pēnei i te WiFi) ā, ka taea te hono pūwāhi ki pūwāhi, maha-pūwāhi rānei.
Kawa
He ture te kawa mō ngā pūnga e rua i roto i te whatunga hei whakawhitiwhiti raraunga. Mā ēnei ture ka tautuhia te wetereo, te tikanga, me te tukutahitanga o te whakawhiti raraunga.
Whatunga
Ko te whatunga e pā ana ki tētahi kohinga o ngā taputapu, pērā i ngā rorohiko, ngā pūreretā, kua hangaia hei whakawhitiwhiti raraunga.
Te āhua o te whenua
Ko te topology e whakaahua ana i te whirihoranga o ngā pona me ngā hononga i roto i te whatunga, ā, he wāhanga nui hoki o te hanganga whatunga.
He aha te tauira OSI?
Ko te tauira OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) e tautuhia ana e te International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ā, e wehewehe ana i ngā whatunga rorohiko kia whitu ngā taumata hei āwhina i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā pūnaha rerekē. Ka whakaratohia e te tauira OSI he hoahoa paerewa mō te hanganga whatunga, kia taea ai e ngā taputapu mai i ngā kaihanga rerekē te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tetahi ki tetahi.
Ngā paparanga e whitu o te tauira OSI
1. Paparanga Ā-tinana
Ko ia te kawenga mō te tuku i ngā awa moka mata, e tautuhi ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā pāpāho ā-tinana pērā i ngā taura me ngā tohu ahokore. Ka tukuna ngā raraunga i roto i ngā moka i tēnei paparanga.
2. Papa Hononga Raraunga
Ka tukuna ngā anga raraunga mā te tohu ā-tinana, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō te kimi hapa me te whakahaere rere. Ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga i roto i ngā anga.
3. Papa Whatunga
Ko tāna mahi he kawe i ngā mōkihi i waenga i ngā whatunga e rua, neke atu rānei, te whakahaere i te ara me te wāhitau arorau. Ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga i roto i ngā mōkihi.
4. Paparanga Kawe
Ka whakarato i te tuku raraunga mai i te pito ki te pito, kia mau ai te pono me te raupapatanga o ngā raraunga, tae atu ki te kawa hononga-ārahi TCP me te kawa kore-hononga UDP. Kei roto ngā raraunga i ngā waeine wāhanga (TCP) me ngā raraungagram (UDP).
5. Apa Wātū
Whakahaerehia ngā wāhanga i waenga i ngā tono, ko te kawenga mō te whakatūnga o te wāhanga, te tiaki, me te whakamutu.
6. Papa Whakaaturanga
Whakahaerehia te tahuritanga hōputu raraunga, te whakawaehere pūāhua, me te whakamunatanga raraunga kia mōhio ai ka taea te whakamahi tika i ngā raraunga e te paparanga tono.
7. Apa Taupānga
Ka whakaratohia e ia ki ngā kaiwhakamahi ngā ratonga whatunga tika, tae atu ki ngā tono me ngā ratonga maha, pēnei i te HTTP, FTP, SMTP, me ētahi atu.
Te kaupapa o ia paparanga o te tauira OSI me ōna raruraru pea
Papa 1: Papa Tūturu
Kaupapa: Ko te paparanga ā-tinana e aro ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā taputapu ā-tinana me ngā tohu katoa. Koia te kawenga mō te waihanga me te pupuri i ngā hononga tuturu i waenga i ngā taputapu.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Tirohia mēnā he kino ki ngā taura me ngā hononga.
○Me whakarite kia tika te whakahaere o ngā taputapu tinana.
○Whakaūtia kei te noa te pūtake hiko.
Papa 2: Papa Hononga Raraunga
Kaupapa: Kei runga i te paparanga ā-tinana te paparanga hononga raraunga, ā, koia te kawenga mō te whakaputa anga me te kimi hapa.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Ngā raruraru pea o te paparanga tuatahi.
○Te rahunga o te hononga i waenga i ngā pūnga.
○Te pupūnga o te whatunga, ngā tukinga anga rānei.
Papa 3: Papa Whatunga
Kaupapa: Ko te paparanga whatunga te kawenga mō te tuku mōkihi ki te wāhitau ūnga, me te whakahaere i te kōwhiringa ara.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Tirohia mēnā kua tika te whirihoranga o ngā pouara me ngā pana.
○Manatokohia kua tika te whirihoranga o te wāhitau IP.
○Tērā pea ka pāngia te mahi a tēnei paparanga e ngā hapa o te paparanga-hononga.
Papa 4: Papa Kawe
Kaupapa: Mā te paparanga kawe ka whakarite kia pono te tuku raraunga, ā, ka whakahaere hoki i te wehewehe me te whakaritenga anō o ngā raraunga.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Manatokohia kua pau te wā o tētahi tiwhikete (hei tauira, SSL/TLS).
○Tirohia mēnā ka āraia e te pareārai ahi te tauranga e hiahiatia ana.
○Kua tika te whakatakotoranga o te kaupapa matua mō ngā waka.
Papa 5: Papa Wātū
Kaupapa: Ko te paparanga wātū te kawenga mō te whakatū, te pupuri me te whakamutu i ngā wātū kia pai ai te whakawhiti raraunga ā-rua.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Tirohia te tūnga o te tūmau.
○Manatokohia kei te tika te whirihoranga o te taupānga.
○Ka mutu pea te wā, ka taka rānei ngā wātū.
Papa 6: Papa Whakaaturanga
Kaupapa: Ka aro te paparanga whakaaturanga ki ngā take hōputu o ngā raraunga, tae atu ki te whakamunatanga me te wetemunatanga.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○He raruraru kei te taraiwa, kei te pūmanawa rānei?
○Mēnā kua tika te wetewete i te hōputu raraunga.
Papa 7: Papa Taupānga
Te Kaupapa: Ka whakarato te paparanga tono i ngā ratonga kaiwhakamahi tika, ā, ka whakahaerehia ngā tono maha i runga i tēnei paparanga.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:
○Kua tika te whirihoranga o te taupānga.
○Mēnā kei te whai te kaiwhakamahi i te huarahi mahi tika.
Ngā rerekētanga o te tauira TCP/IP me te tauira OSI
Ahakoa ko te tauira OSI te paerewa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatunga ariā, ko te tauira TCP/IP te paerewa whatunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana. He hanganga whakarōpū te tauira TCP/IP, engari e whā noa iho ngā paparanga (paparanga tono, paparanga kawe, paparanga whatunga, me te paparanga hononga), e rite ana tetahi ki tetahi penei:
Paparanga tono OSI <--> Paparanga tono TCP/IP
Paparanga kawe OSI <--> Paparanga kawe TCP/IP
Paparanga whatunga OSI <--> Paparanga whatunga TCP/IP
Paparanga hononga raraunga OSI me te paparanga ā-tinana <--> Paparanga hononga TCP/IP
Nō reira, ko te tauira OSI e whitu-paparanga e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu nui mō te mahi tahi a ngā taputapu me ngā pūnaha whatunga mā te wehewehe mārama i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te whakawhitiwhitinga whatunga. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa i ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga ki te rapu raruraru, engari ka whakatakoto hoki i te turanga mō te ako me te rangahau hōhonu o te hangarau whatunga. Ko taku tumanako mā roto i tēnei whakataki, ka taea e koe te mārama me te whakamahi hōhonu ake i te tauira OSI.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 24-2025
