Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā ratonga kapua, ka wehea haeretia te whatunga ki te Underlay me te Overlay. Ko te whatunga Underlay ngā taputapu ā-tinana pērā i te ara me te whakawhiti i roto i te pokapū raraunga tuku iho, e whakapono tonu ana ki te ariā o te pumau me te whakarato i ngā āheinga tuku raraunga whatunga pono. Ko te Overlay te whatunga pakihi e kapi ana i runga, e tata ana ki te ratonga, mā te kawa VXLAN, GRE rānei, hei whakarato i ngā ratonga whatunga ngāwari ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. He hononga, he wehenga hoki te whatunga Underlay me te whatunga Ooverlay, ā, e hono ana rāua tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka taea te whanake takitahi.
Ko te whatunga Underlay te tūāpapa o te whatunga. Mēnā he kore pumau te whatunga underlay, kāore he SLA mō te pakihi. Whai muri i te hoahoa whatunga papa-toru me te hoahoa whatunga Fat-Tree, kei te neke te hoahoa whatunga pokapū raraunga ki te hoahoa Spine-Leaf, ā, koinei te take i puta ai te tono tuatoru o te tauira whatunga CLOS.
Te hoahoanga whatunga pokapū raraunga tuku iho
Hoahoa Papa Toru
Mai i te tau 2004 ki te tau 2007, i tino rongonui te hanganga whatunga taumata-toru i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga. E toru ōna paparanga: te paparanga matua (te tuara whakawhiti tere-tere o te whatunga), te paparanga whakahiato (e whakarato ana i te hononga e hangai ana ki ngā kaupapa here), me te paparanga urunga (e hono ana i ngā teihana mahi ki te whatunga). Ko te tauira e whai ake nei:
Hanganga Whatunga Papa-toru
Papa Matua: Ka whakaratohia e ngā pana matua te tuku tere o ngā mōkihi ki roto, ki waho hoki i te pokapū raraunga, te hononga ki ngā paparanga whakahiato maha, me te whatunga ara L3 pakari e mahi ana ki te whatunga katoa.
Papa Whakakotahi: Ka hono te pana whakahiato ki te pana urunga, ā, ka whakarato i ētahi atu ratonga, pērā i te pareārai ahi, te tango kawenga SSL, te kimi urutomo, te tātari whatunga, me ētahi atu.
Apa Uru: Kei te Tihi o te Whatanga ngā pana uru, nō reira ka kiia hoki ko ngā pana ToR (Tihi o te Whatanga), ā, ka hono ā-tinana atu ki ngā tūmau.
Ko te tikanga, ko te pana whakahiato te pūwāhi wehewehe i waenga i ngā whatunga L2 me L3: kei raro iho te whatunga L2 i te pana whakahiato, ā, kei runga ake te whatunga L3. Ka whakahaerehia e ia rōpū pana whakahiato tētahi Pūwāhi Tukunga (POD), ā, he whatunga VLAN motuhake ia POD.
Kawa Porowhita Whatunga me te Kawa Rākau Whānui
Ko te nuinga o te wā, ko te hanganga o ngā koropiko he mea whakapoauau nā te kore mārama o ngā ara ūnga. Ina hangaia e ngā kaiwhakamahi he whatunga, hei whakarite i te pono, ka whakamahia e rātou ngā taputapu tāpiri me ngā hononga tāpiri, kia kore ai e kore ka hangaia he koropiko. Kei roto i te rohe whakapāho kotahi te whatunga paparanga 2, ā, ka tukuna ngā mōkihi whakapāho i roto i te koropiko, ka hanga he tupuhi whakapāho, ka taea ai te aukati i te tauranga me te pararutiki o ngā taputapu i roto i te wā poto. Nō reira, hei ārai i ngā tupuhi whakapāho, me ārai i te hanganga o ngā koropiko.
Hei ārai i te hanganga o ngā koropiko, hei whakarite hoki i te pono, ka taea anake te huri i ngā taputapu tāruarua me ngā hononga tāruarua hei taputapu tāruarua me ngā hononga tāruarua. Arā, ka āraia ngā tauranga me ngā hononga taputapu tāruarua i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ā, kāore e whai wāhi ki te tuku i ngā mōkihi raraunga. Ka whakatuwheratia anake ina kore te taputapu tukurua o nāianei, te tauranga, te hononga, ka hua ake he pupū whatunga, ngā tauranga me ngā hononga taputapu tāruarua, kia taea ai te whakahoki i te whatunga ki te āhua noa. Ka whakatinanahia tēnei mana whakahaere aunoa e te Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Ka mahi te kawa rākau whānui i waenga i te paparanga urunga me te paparanga totohu, ā, kei roto i tōna pūtake he raupapatanga rākau whānui e rere ana i runga i ia piriti whakahohea-STP, he mea hanga motuhake hei karo i ngā koropiko hono i te aroaro o ngā ara taurite. Ka tīpakohia e te STP te ara raraunga pai rawa atu mō te tuku karere, ā, ka whakakorehia ngā hononga kāore i te wāhanga o te rākau whānui, ka waiho kotahi noa te ara hohe i waenga i ngā pona whatunga e rua, ā, ka āraia tetahi atu hononga ake.
He maha ngā painga o te STP: he māmā noa iho, he mono-ā-ringa, ā, he iti noa iho ngā whirihoranga e hiahiatia ana. Nō te VLAN kotahi ngā mīhini i roto i ia pod, nō reira ka taea e te tūmau te neke i te tauwāhi i roto i te pod me te kore e whakarerekē i te wāhitau IP me te kuwaha.
Heoi, kāore e taea e te STP te whakamahi i ngā ara tuku whakarara, ka whakakorea tonutia ngā ara kore e hiahiatia i roto i te VLAN. Ngā ngoikoretanga o te STP:
1. Te pūmautanga puhoi o te honohonotanga whatunga. Ina huri te honohonotanga whatunga, e 50-52 hēkona te roa o te kawa rākau whānui hei whakaoti i te honohonotanga honohonotanga.
2, kāore e taea te whakarato i te mahi taurite kawenga. Ina he koropiko kei roto i te whatunga, ka taea e te kawa rākau whānui te aukati noa i te koropiko, kia kore ai e taea e te hononga te tuku i ngā mōkihi raraunga, ka moumou rauemi whatunga.
Ngā Wero o te Mariko me te Waka ki te Rawhiti-Hauauru
I muri i te tau 2010, hei whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi rorohiko me te rokiroki, ka tīmata ngā pokapū raraunga ki te whakamahi i te hangarau mariko, ā, he maha ngā mīhini mariko i tīmata te puta ki te whatunga. Ka hurihia e te hangarau mariko tētahi tūmau hei maha ngā tūmau arorau, ka taea e ia VM te whakahaere takitahi, he pūnaha whakahaere, he taupānga, he wāhitau MAC motuhake me te wāhitau IP, ā, ka hono atu rātou ki te hinonga o waho mā te pana mariko (vSwitch) i roto i te tūmau.
He whakaritenga anō tō te marikotanga: te hekenga ora o ngā mīhini mariko, te kaha ki te neke i tētahi pūnaha mīhini mariko mai i tētahi tūmau tūturu ki tētahi atu, me te pupuri tonu i te mahi noa o ngā ratonga i runga i ngā mīhini mariko. Kāore tēnei tukanga e pā ki ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tohatoha ngāwari i ngā rauemi tūmau, te whakatika me te whakapai ake rānei i ngā tūmau tūturu me te kore e pā ki te whakamahinga noa o ngā kaiwhakamahi.
Hei whakarite kia kore te ratonga e motuhia i te wā o te hekenga, me pupuri tonu te wāhitau IP o te mīhini mariko, me te āhua o te mīhini mariko (pērā i te āhua o te wātū TCP) i te wā o te hekenga, kia taea ai te nekeneke hihiri o te mīhini mariko i roto i te rohe paparanga 2 kotahi anake, engari kāore e taea te nekeneke puta noa i te rohe paparanga 2. Nā tēnei ka hiahiatia he rohe L2 nui ake mai i te paparanga urunga ki te paparanga matua.
Ko te wāhi wehewehe i waenga i te L2 me te L3 i roto i te hoahoa whatunga paparanga nui tuku iho 2 kei te pana matua, ā, ko te pokapū raraunga i raro i te pana matua he rohe whakapāho katoa, arā, ko te whatunga L2. Mā tēnei, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i te tūponotanga o te whakatinanatanga taputapu me te hekenga wāhi, ā, kāore e hiahiatia kia whakarerekētia te whirihoranga o te IP me te kuwaha. Ka tukuna ngā whatunga L2 rerekē (VLan) mā roto i ngā pana matua. Heoi, me pupuri e te pana matua i raro i tēnei hoahoa he ripanga MAC me te ARP nui, e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga teitei mō te kaha o te pana matua. Hei tāpiri, ka whakawhāitihia hoki e te Pane Uru (TOR) te tauine o te whatunga katoa. Ka mutu, ka whakawhāitihia e ēnei te tauine o te whatunga, ka whānui te whatunga me te kaha ngāwari, ko te raruraru whakaroa puta noa i ngā paparanga e toru o te whakaritenga, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā pakihi ā muri ake nei.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru e kawea mai ana e te hangarau mariko ka kawea mai hoki he wero ki te whatunga papa-toru tuku iho. Ka taea te wehewehe whānui i te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga ki ngā kāwai e whai ake nei:
Te waka mai i te raki ki te tonga:Te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā kiritaki i waho o te pokapū raraunga me te tūmau pokapū raraunga, te whakawhiti rānei mai i te tūmau pokapū raraunga ki te Ipurangi.
Te waka ki te rawhiti ki te hauauru:Te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā tūmau i roto i tētahi pokapū raraunga, tae atu ki te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i ngā pokapū raraunga rerekē, pērā i te whakaora āwhata i waenga i ngā pokapū raraunga, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā kapua tūmataiti me ngā kapua tūmatanui.
Mā te whakaurunga mai o te hangarau mariko ka nui haere te horapa o te whakatinanatanga o ngā tono, ā, ko te "pānga taha" ko te piki haere o te haere mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru.
Ko ngā hoahoanga taumata-toru tuku iho he mea hanga mō ngā waka o te Raki ki te Tonga.Ahakoa e taea ana te whakamahi mō te haere i waenganui i te rāwhiti me te hauauru, tērā pea kāore e taea te mahi e rite ana ki te hiahia.
Te hoahoanga tuku iho o ngā taumata-toru, me te hoahoanga rau-tuarā
I roto i tētahi hoahoa taumata-toru, me tuku te rere o te waka mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru mā roto i ngā taputapu i roto i ngā paparanga whakahiato me te matua. Me te kore e tika kia haere mā roto i ngā pūnga maha. (Tūmau -> Uru -> Whakakotahi -> Whakawhiti Matua -> Whakakotahi -> Whakawhiti Uru -> Tūmau)
Nō reira, ki te whakahaerehia he nui o ngā whakawhitiwhitinga mai i te rawhiti ki te hauauru mā roto i tētahi hanganga whatunga taumata-toru tuku iho, ka whakataetae pea ngā taputapu e hono ana ki te tauranga pana kotahi mō te whānui o te hononga, ā, ka hua ake he wā urupare ngoikore e whiwhihia ana e ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga.
Ngā ngoikoretanga o te hanganga whatunga papa-toru tuku iho
Ka kitea he maha ngā ngoikoretanga o te hanganga whatunga papa-toru tuku iho:
Te moumou whānui o te ara:Hei ārai i te takahurihuri, ka whakahaerehia te kawa STP i waenga i te paparanga whakahiato me te paparanga urunga, kia kotahi anake te hononga ake o te pana urunga e kawe ana i ngā waka, ā, ka āraia ngā hononga ake kē atu, ka hua ake he moumou roa o te hononga.
Te uauatanga o te whakatakotoranga whatunga nui:I te whānui haere o te tauine whatunga, ka tohatohahia ngā pokapū raraunga ki ngā wāhi matawhenua rerekē, me waihanga me te heke i ngā mīhini mariko ki ngā wāhi katoa, ā, kāore e rerekē ngā āhuatanga whatunga pēnei i ngā wāhitau IP me ngā kuwaha, e hiahia ana kia tautokona e te Papanga Ngako 2. I roto i te hanganga tuku iho, kāore e taea te neke.
Te korenga o te waka mai i te Rawhiti ki te Hauāuru:Ko te hoahoa whatunga taumata-toru te mea nui mō te waka o te Raki-Tonga, ahakoa e tautoko ana i te waka o te rawhiti-uru, engari e kitea ana ngā ngoikoretanga. Ina nui te waka o te rawhiti-uru, ka tino piki ake te pēhanga ki runga i ngā pana paparanga whakahiato me te paparanga matua, ā, ka whakawhāitihia te rahi me te mahi o te whatunga ki te paparanga whakahiato me te paparanga matua.
Nā tēnei ka taka ngā umanga ki roto i te raruraru o te utu me te tauine:Ko te tautoko i ngā whatunga mahi-teitei nui e hiahiatia ana he maha o ngā taputapu paparanga huihuinga me ngā taputapu paparanga matua, ehara i te mea he nui ngā utu mō ngā umanga anake, engari me whakamahere hoki i te whatunga i mua i te hanganga o te whatunga. Mēnā he iti te tauine whatunga, ka maumauria ngā rauemi, ā, mēnā ka whānui tonu te tauine whatunga, ka uaua ki te whakawhānui.
Te Hanganga Whatunga Rau-Tuaiwi
He aha te hoahoa whatunga Spine-Leaf?
Hei whakautu i ngā raruraru o runga ake nei,Kua puta ake tētahi hoahoa pokapū raraunga hou, ko te hoahoa whatunga Spine-Leaf te ingoa, e kiia nei e mātou ko te whatunga rau.
E ai ki te ingoa, he paparanga Tuaiwi me he paparanga Rau kei roto i te hoahoanga, tae atu ki ngā pana tuaiwi me ngā pana rau.
Te Hanganga Rau Tuaiwi
Ka honoa ia pana rau ki ngā pana hiwi katoa, kāore nei e hono tika tetahi ki tetahi, ka hanga he āhua whatunga-katoa.
I roto i te spine-and-leaf, ka haere te hononga mai i tētahi Tūmau ki tētahi atu mā roto i te maha o ngā pūrere (Server -> Leaf -> Spine Switch -> Leaf Switch -> Server), e whakarite ana i te roa o te wā e taea te matapae. Nā te mea me haere noa te mōkihi mā roto i tētahi spine me tētahi atu rau kia tae atu ai ki te ūnga.
Me pēhea te mahi a te Spine-Leaf?
Pātene Rau: He rite ki te pātene urunga i roto i te hoahoanga taumata-toru tuku iho, ā, ka hono tika ki te tūmau tūturu hei TOR (Top Of Rack). Ko te rerekētanga ki te pātene urunga ko te pūwāhi wehewehe o te whatunga L2/L3 kei runga i te pātene Rau. Kei runga ake te pātene Rau i te whatunga papa-toru, ā, kei raro iho te pātene Rau i te rohe whakapāho L2 motuhake, e whakaoti ana i te raruraru BUM o te whatunga papa-rua nui. Mena me whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngā tūmau Rau e rua, me whakamahi rātou i te ara L3 me te tuku atu mā te pātene Tuaiwi.
Pātene Tuaiwi: He rite ki te pātene matua. Ka whakamahia te ECMP (Equal Cost Multi Path) hei tīpako i ngā ara maha i waenga i ngā pātene Tuaiwi me ngā pātene Rau. Ko te rerekētanga ko te Spine inaianei ka whakarato noa i tētahi whatunga ara L3 pakari mō te pātene Rau, kia taea ai te tuku i te waka mai i te raki ki te tonga o te pokapū raraunga mai i te pātene Tuaiwi, kaua ki te tuku tika. Ka taea te tuku i te waka mai i te raki ki te tonga mai i te pātene taha e whakarara ana ki te pātene Rau ki te pouara WAN.
Te whakataurite i waenga i te hoahoa whatunga Spine/Leaf me te hoahoa whatunga papa-toru tuku iho
Ngā Painga o te Rau Tuaiwi
Papatahi:Ka whakapotohia te ara whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā tūmau e te hoahoa papatahi, ka iti ake te whakaroa, ka taea ai te whakapai ake i te mahinga o ngā tono me ngā ratonga.
Te tauine pai:Ki te kore e ranea te whānui o te hononga, mā te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā pana tauranga ka taea te whakawhānui whakapae i te whānui o te hononga. Ina piki ake te maha o ngā tūmau, ka taea e tātou te tāpiri i ngā pana rau mēnā kāore e ranea te kiato o te tauranga.
Te whakaiti i te utu: Te haere ki te raki me te haere ki te tonga, e puta ana i ngā pūnga rau, e puta ana rānei i ngā pūnga hiwi. Te rere o te rawhiti ki te hauauru, e tohatoha ana i runga i ngā ara maha. Mā tēnei, ka taea e te whatunga hiwi rau te whakamahi i ngā pana whirihoranga pumau me te kore e hiahiatia he pana modular utu nui, kātahi ka whakaiti i te utu.
Te Whakaroa Iti me te Ārai i te Pūngao:He rite tonu te maha o ngā pekepeke o ngā rerenga raraunga i roto i te whatunga Leaf ridge puta noa i te whatunga ahakoa te pūtake me te ūnga, ā, ka taea te toro atu ki ngā tūmau e rua i runga i ngā pekepeke e toru a Leaf - >Spine - >Leaf tetahi i tetahi. Mā tēnei ka whakatū he ara waka tika ake, ka whakapai ake i te mahi me te whakaiti i ngā aukati.
Te Haumarutanga me te Wātea Teitei:E whakamahia ana te kawa STP i roto i te hoahoa whatunga taumata-toru tuku iho, ā, ina rahua tētahi taputapu, ka hoki anō ki te whatunga, ka pā ki te mahi a te whatunga, ki te rahua rānei. I roto i te hoahoa rau-taumata, ina rahua tētahi taputapu, kāore he take ki te hoki anō ki te whatunga, ā, ka haere tonu te haere o te waka mā roto i ētahi atu ara noa. Kāore te hononga whatunga e pāngia, ā, ka whakaitihia te whānui o te whatunga mā te kotahi ara anake, he iti noa te pānga ki te mahi.
He tino pai te whakataurite kawenga mā te ECMP mō ngā taiao e whakamahia ana ngā tūāpapa whakahaere whatunga pokapū pēnei i te SDN. Mā te SDN ka taea te whakahaere i te whirihoranga, te whakahaere me te huri i te ara o te waka mēnā ka aukatia, ka rahua rānei te hononga, ka waiho te āhua mata katoa o te whakataurite kawenga atamai hei huarahi ngāwari ki te whirihora me te whakahaere.
Heoi anō, he iti noa ngā herenga o te hoahoanga Spine-Leaf:
Ko tētahi ngoikoretanga ko te nui haere o te whatunga nā te maha o ngā pana. Me whakanui ake e te pokapū raraunga o te hoahoanga whatunga rau tuara ngā pana me ngā taputapu whatunga kia rite ki te maha o ngā kiritaki. I te piki haere o te maha o ngā kaihautū, me nui te maha o ngā pana rau hei hono atu ki te pana tuara.
Me taurite te hononga tika o ngā pana rau me ngā pana hiwi, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, kāore e taea e te ōwehenga whānui tika i waenga i ngā pana rau me ngā pana hiwi te neke ake i te 3:1.
Hei tauira, e 48 ngā kiritaki tere 10Gbps i runga i te pana rau me te kaha tauranga katoa o te 480Gb/s. Mena ka honoa ngā tauranga hononga 40G e whā o ia pana rau ki te pana hiwi 40G, ka 160Gb/s te kaha hononga. Ko te ōwehenga he 480:160, 3:1 rānei. Ko ngā hononga pokapū raraunga he 40G, 100G rānei, ā, ka taea te neke haere i roto i te wā mai i te tīmatanga o te 40G (Nx 40G) ki te 100G (Nx 100G). He mea nui kia mōhio me tere ake te oma o te hononga ake i te hononga iho kia kore ai e aukati i te hononga tauranga.
He mārama hoki ngā whakaritenga waea mō ngā whatunga Spine-Leaf. Nā te mea me hono ia pūnga rau ki ia pana tuarā, me whakatakoto e tātou he taura parahi, he taura muka whatu rānei. Ka piki ake te utu nā te tawhiti o te hononga. I runga i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pana e hono ana, ko te maha o ngā kōwae whatu kounga teitei e hiahiatia ana e te hoahoa Spine-Leaf he tekau ngā wā teitei ake i tērā o te hoahoa toru-taumata tuku iho, ka piki ake te utu whakatinanatanga katoa. Heoi, kua arahina tēnei ki te tipu o te mākete kōwae whatu, inā koa mō ngā kōwae whatu tere-teitei pēnei i te 100G me te 400G.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-26-2026
