I roto i te whakahaere me te tiaki whatunga, he raruraru noa engari he raruraru, arā, kāore e taea e ngā taputapu te Ping i muri i te hono tika. Mō ngā kaihangarau tīmata me ngā kaihangarau mātau, he mea tika kia tīmata i ngā taumata maha, kia tirohia ai ngā take pea. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi rapurongoā hei āwhina i a koe ki te kimi wawe i te pūtake o te raruraru me te whakatika. He tika, he whai hua hoki ēnei tikanga i roto i te whatunga kāinga me te taiao hinonga. Ka ārahi mātou i a koe i roto i tēnei wero taahiraa i te taahiraa, mai i ngā tirotiro taketake ki ngā tirotiro matatau.
1. Tirohia te Tūnga Hononga ā-Tino kia Mārama ai kei te Mahi te Tohu
Ko te pūtake o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatunga ko te hononga ā-tinana. Mēnā kāore te pūrere e Ping i muri i te hononga tika, ko te mahi tuatahi ko te tirotiro kei te mahi te paparanga ā-tinana. Anei ngā mahi:
Whakaū i te Hononga Taura Whatunga:Tirohia mēnā kua piri te taura whatunga, me te mea kua wetekina te atanga taura whatunga. Ki te whakamahi koe i te taura tika, kia tino tutuki te taura i te paerewa TIA/EIA-568-B (Common Direct Cable Standard). Mēnā he taputapu tawhito āu, me whakawhiti pea koe i ngā rārangi (TIA/EIA-568-A) nā te mea kāore ētahi taputapu tawhito e tautoko i te whakawhiti aunoa MDI/MDIX.
Tirohia te Kounga o te Taura Whatunga:Ki te kore e pai te kounga o te taura whatunga, ki te roa rawa rānei, ka ngoikore pea te tohu. Me whakahaere te roa o te taura whatunga paerewa i roto i te 100 mita. Mena he roa rawa te taura, he kitea rānei te kino (hei tauira, he whati, he papatahi rānei), me whakakapi ki tētahi taura kounga teitei, ka whakamātautau anō.
Tirohia ngā Tohu Pūrere:He tohu tūnga hononga kei te nuinga o ngā taputapu whatunga (pērā i ngā pana, ngā pouara, ngā kāri whatunga). I te nuinga o te wā, ka tiaho te rama (kakariki, karaka rānei) i muri i te hononga, ā, tera pea he kimo hei tohu i te whakawhiti raraunga. Ki te kore te tohu e tiaho, tera pea he raruraru kei te taura whatunga, he atanga pakaru, kāore rānei te taputapu e whakakāhia.
Tauranga Whakamātautau:Monohia te taura whatunga ki tētahi atu tauranga o te pūrere kia kore ai e pakaru te tauranga. Mena kei te wātea, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu whakamātautau taura whatunga hei tirotiro i te hononga o te taura whatunga kia tika ai te raupapa o ia takirua waea.
Ko te hononga ā-tinana te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatunga, ā, me whakarite kia kore he raruraru i tēnei paparanga i mua i te haere tonu ki te rangahau i ngā take o te taumata teitei.
2. Tirohia te Tūnga STP o te Pūrere kia Mōhio ai kāore te Tauranga i Monoa
Ki te kore e taea e koe te Ping ahakoa he hononga ā-tinana noa, tera pea he raruraru kei te kawa paparanga-hononga o te pūrere. Ko tētahi take noa ko te Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Kia mārama ki te Tūranga o te STP:Ka whakamahia te STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) hei ārai i te putanga mai o ngā koropiko i roto i te whatunga. Mēnā ka kitea e te taputapu he koropiko, ka whakanohoia e te STP ētahi tauranga ki roto i te Āhua Ārai, ka ārai i a rātou ki te tuku raraunga.
Tirohia te Tūnga o te Tauranga:Takiuru ki te CLI (Command Line interface) o tō pūrere, ki te atanga kaiwhakahaere tukutuku rānei, kia kite ai mēnā kei roto te tauranga i te āhua "Forwarding". Mēnā he pana Cisco, ka taea te tiro i te tūnga STP mā te whakamahi i te whakahau spat-rākau. Mēnā ka whakaaturia he tauranga hei "Blocking", kei te aukati te STP i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i runga i taua tauranga.
Otinga:
Monokia te STP mō te wā poto:I roto i te taiao whakamātautau, ka taea te whakaweto i te STP mō te wā poto (hei tauira, kāore he spath-tree vlan 1), engari kāore tēnei i te tūtohutia i roto i te whakaputanga nā te mea ka puta he awha pāho.
Whakahohehia te PortFast:Mena ka tautokona e te pūrere, ka taea te whakahohe i te mahi PortFast i runga i te tauranga (ngā whakahau pēnei i te spath-tree portfast), ka taea ai e te tauranga te peke i te wāhanga whakarongo me te ako STP ka tomo tika ki te āhua tuku whakamua.
Tirohia mō ngā Porowhita:Mena nā te noho o ngā koropiko i roto i te whatunga i puta ai te poraka STP, tirohia anō te āhua o te whatunga hei kimi me te wāwāhi i ngā koropiko.
He mea noa ngā raruraru STP i roto i ngā whatunga hinonga, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao maha-pana. Mena he iti tō whatunga, ka taea pea e koe te peke i tēnei taahiraa i nāianei, engari mā te mārama ki te mahi a te STP ka nui te āwhina ki te whakatau i ngā raruraru ā muri ake nei.
3. Tirohia mēnā kei te mahi te ARP kia tika ai te whakatau i te wāhitau MAC
Ina he noa te paparanga hononga, haere ki te paparanga whatunga ki te tirotiro. Ka whakawhirinaki te whakahau Ping ki te kawa ICMP, e whakatau tuatahi ana i te wāhitau IP ūnga ki te wāhitau MAC mā te Kawa Whakatau Wāhitau (ARP). Ki te kore e tutuki te whakataunga ARP, ka kore e tutuki te Ping.
Tirohia te ripanga ARP: Tirohia te ripanga ARP i runga i te pūrere hei whakaū i te otinga angitu o te wāhitau MAC o te pūrere ūnga. Hei tauira, i roto i te Windows, ka taea e koe te tiro i te keteroki ARP mā te whakatuwhera i te rārangi whakahau me te pato i te arp-a. Mena kāore he wāhitau MAC mō te IP ūnga, i rahua te otinga ARP.
Te Whakamātautau Ā-ringa i te ARP:Ngāna ki te tuku ā-ringa i ngā tono ARP. Hei tauira, i runga i te Windows ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te whakahau ping hei whakaoho i tētahi tono ARP, te whakamahi tika rānei i tētahi taputapu pēnei i te arping (i runga i ngā pūnaha Linux). Mena kāore he whakautu ki te tono ARP, ko ngā take pea ko:
Te Ārai i te Pātūahi:Ka āraia ngā tono ARP e te pareārai ahi o ētahi pūrere. Tirohia ngā Tautuhinga pareārai ahi o te pūrere ūnga, ka ngana anō i muri i te whakaweto i te pareārai ahi mō te wā poto.
Tukinga IP:Tērā pea ka rahua te whakataunga ARP mēnā he tukinga wāhitau IP kei roto i te whatunga. Whakamahia he taputapu pēnei i a Wireshark hei hopu i ngā mōkihi, tirohia mēnā he maha ngā wāhitau MAC e whakautu ana ki te IP kotahi.
Otinga:
Mukua te Arpcache (Windows: netsh interface ip delete arpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush all) kātahi ka Ping anō.
Me whakarite kei roto ngā wāhitau IP o ngā pūrere e rua i te whatunga iti kotahi, ā, kia ōrite hoki te kopare whatunga iti (tirohia te taahiraa e whai ake nei mō ētahi atu kōrero).
He maha ngā wā e pā tata ana ngā take ARP ki te whirihoranga o te paparanga whatunga, ā, me manawanui ki te rapu raruraru kia mōhio ai kei te mahi pai ngā mea katoa.
4. Tirohia te Wāhitau IP me te Whirihoranga Whatunga-iti hei Whakapūmau i te Hanganga Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Ko ngā raruraru i te paparanga whatunga te tino take o ngā rahunga Ping. Nā te whirihora hē o ngā wāhitau IP me ngā whatunga iti, ka kore e taea e ngā taputapu te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Anei ngā mahi:
Whakaū i te Wāhitau IP:Tirohia mēnā kei roto i te whatunga iti kotahi ngā wāhitau IP o ngā taputapu e rua. Hei tauira, ko te IP o te taputapu A he 192.168.1.10 me te kopare whatunga iti he 255.255.255.0. Ko te IP o te taputapu B he 192.168.1.20 me te kopare whatunga iti kotahi. Kei runga i te whatunga iti kotahi ngā IP e rua (192.168.1.0/24) ā, e ai ki te ariā, ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Mēnā he IP o te taputapu B he 192.168.2.20, kāore i runga i te whatunga iti kotahi, ā, ka rahua te Ping.
Tirohia ngā Kōpare Ipurangi:Ka taea hoki e ngā ārai whatunga iti koretake te arahi ki te korenga o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Hei tauira, ko te ārai o te taputapu A he 255.255.255.0, ā, ko te ārai o te taputapu B he 255.255.0.0, ka arahi pea tēnei ki ngā arai whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nā te rerekētanga o te māramatanga ki te whānuitanga o te whatunga iti. Me whakarite kia ōrite ngā ārai whatunga iti mō ngā taputapu e rua.
Tirohia ngā Tautuhinga o te Kūaha:Kāore e hiahiatia he keti mō ngā taputapu hono tika, engari mā ngā keti whirihora hē ka hē te tuku i ngā mōkihi. Me whakarite kei te whakatakotoria te keti mō ngā taputapu e rua ki te kore whirihora, kei te tohu rānei ki te wāhitau tika.
Otinga:
Whakarerekētia te wāhitau IP, te kopare whatunga iti rānei, kia mōhio ai kei roto ngā pūrere e rua i te whatunga iti kotahi. Monokia ngā Tautuhinga kuwaha kāore e hiahiatia, whakatakotoria rānei ki te uara taunoa (0.0.0.0).
Ko te whirihoranga IP te uho o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatunga, nō reira he mea nui kia tirohia anō kia kore ai he mea e ngaro ana.
5. Tirohia ngā Mōkihi ICMP i Tukuna, i Whiwhihia hoki kia Mōhio ai kāore te Kawa i Monokia
E whakawhirinaki ana te whakahau Ping ki te Kawa Karere Mana Ipurangi (ICMP). Mēnā ka āraia, ka monoa rānei ngā mōkihi ICMP, e kore a Ping e angitu.
Tirohia ō Ture Pātūahi:He maha ngā taputapu kua whakahohea ngā pareārai ahi mā te taunoa, ka ārai pea i ngā tono ICMP. Hei tauira, i roto i te Windows, tirohia te tautuhinga "Windows Defender Firewall" kia mōhio ai kei te whakaaetia te ture ICMPv4-In. Ka tirohia e ngā pūnaha Linux te ture iptables (iptables -L) kia mōhio ai kāore te ICMP e āraia ana.
Tirohia te Kaupapahere Pūrere:Ka whakakorehia e ētahi pouara, ētahi pana rānei ngā urupare ICMP hei ārai i te matawai. Takiuru ki te mata whakahaere pūrere kia tino mohio kua monokia te ICMP.
Tātaritanga Hopu Pākete:Whakamahia he taputapu pēnei i a Wireshark,Ngā Taps Whatunga MylinkingmeNgā Kaihokohoko Mōkihi Whatunga Mylinkinghei hopu i ngā mōkihi hei tirotiro mēnā i tukuna he tono ICMP, ā, mēnā i puta he whakautu. Mēnā i tukuna te tono engari kāore he whakautu, kei te pūrere ūnga pea te raruraru. Mēnā kāore he tono i tukuna, kei te mīhini ā-rohe pea te raruraru.
Otinga:
(Windows: netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off; Linux: iptables -F) hei whakamātautau mēnā kua hoki a Ping ki te āhua noa. Whakahohehia ngā urupare ICMP i runga i te pūrere (hei tauira, pūrere Cisco: ip icmp echo-reply).
He maha ngā wā e pā ana ngā take ICMP ki ngā kaupapa here haumarutanga, e hiahia ana kia whakauruhia he tauwhitinga i waenga i te haumarutanga me te hononga.
6. Tirohia mēnā he tika te hōputu mōkihi kia kore ai he hapa i roto i te puranga kawa.
Ki te pai ngā mea katoa, ā, kāore tonu e taea te Ping, me rapu pea koe i te puranga kawa hei tirotiro kei te tika te whakatakotoranga o te mōkihi.
Hopukia me te Tātari i ngā Mōkihi:
Whakamahia a Wireshark hei hopu i ngā mōkihi ICMP, ā, tirohia mēnā:
- He tika te Momo me te Waehere o te Tono ICMP (Me Momo 8, Waehere 0 te Tono Echo).
- Mēnā he tika ngā IP pūtake me ngā IP ūnga.
- Mēnā he rerekē ngā uara TTL (Time to Live) ka taea ai te taka o te mōkihi i waenganui o te tukanga.
Tirohia ngā Tautuhinga MTU:Mena kāore ngā Tautuhinga Waenga Tuku Mōrahi (MTU) i te ōrite, ka rahua pea te wehewehenga mōkihi. Ko te MTU taunoa he 1500 paita, engari ka whirihorahia pea ētahi taputapu me ngā uara iti ake. Whakamātauria te wehewehenga me te whakahau ping-fl 1472 IP ūnga (Windows). Mena ka akiakihia te wehewehenga engari kua whakatakotoria te haki Kaua e wehewehea (DF), kāore te MTU e ōrite.
Otinga:
Whakatikatikahia te uara MTU (Windows: netsh interface ipv4 set subface "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=persistent).
Me whakarite kia ōrite te MTU o ngā taputapu e rua.
He uaua ake te raruraru o te puranga kawa, e kīia ana me whakahaere he tātaritanga hōhonu ina kore he hua o te rangahau taketake.
7. Kohikohi Mōhiohio me te Rapu Tautoko Hangarau
Ki te kore e whakatauhia te raruraru e ngā mahi o runga ake nei, me kohikohi anō pea koe i ngā mōhiohio me te rapu tautoko hangarau.
Rārangi:Kohia ngā mōhiohio rangitaki o te pūrere (rangitaki pūnaha o te pouara/pana, rangitaki pūnaha o te PC) ka tirohia mēnā he hapa.
Whakapā atu ki te Kaihanga:Mena he hua umanga te taputapu pēnei i teTe Hononga-ā-Taku(Ngā Taputapu Whatunga, Ngā Kaihokohoko Mōkihi WhatungameĀpitihanga ā-Rārangi), Cisco (Router/Switch), Huawei (Router/Switch), ka taea e koe te whakapā atu ki te tautoko hangarau a te kaihanga hei whakarato i ngā mahi tirotiro me ngā rātaka taipitopito.
Te Whakamahi i te Hapori:Tukuna he tuku kōrero ki ngā huihuinga hangarau (hei tauira, Stack Overflow, Cisco Community) hei āwhina, me te whakarato i ngā taipitopito mō te āhua whatunga me te whirihoranga.
Ahakoa te āhua māmā noa iho o te hononga tika ki tētahi taputapu whatunga kāore e taea te Ping, tera pea he maha ngā raruraru kei te paparanga ā-tinana, te paparanga hono, te paparanga whatunga, tae atu ki te puranga kawa. Ka taea te whakatau i te nuinga o ngā raruraru mā te whai i ēnei kaupae e whitu, mai i te taketake ki te matatau. Ahakoa he tirotiro i te taura whatunga, he whakatikatika i te STP, he manatoko i te ARP, he arotau rānei i te whirihoranga IP me te kaupapa here ICMP, me āta tupato me te manawanui ia kaupae. Ko taku tumanako ka whakamāramahia e tēnei aratohu he pēhea te mahi i ō raruraru Ipurangi, kia kore ai koe e pōhēhē mēnā ka pāngia koe e tētahi raruraru ōrite.
Wā tuku: Mei-09-2025
